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<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" title="foomo project docs" href="/opensearch.xml"><title data-react-helmet="true">Prometheus Is Out Of Memory. Again. | foomo project docs</title><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:url" content="https://www.foomo.org/blog/prometheus-cardinality-issues"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:language" content="en"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="docsearch:docusaurus_tag" content="default"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title" content="Prometheus Is Out Of Memory. Again. | foomo project docs"><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" content="The Annoyance"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:description" content="The Annoyance"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:type" content="article"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="article:published_time" content="2022-01-25T00:00:00.000Z"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="article:author" content="https://github.com/smartinov"><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="article:tag" content="prometheus,cardinality,devops,ops,k8s,oom,memory"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" href="/img/favicon.ico"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href="https://www.foomo.org/blog/prometheus-cardinality-issues"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" href="https://www.foomo.org/blog/prometheus-cardinality-issues" hreflang="en"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" href="https://www.foomo.org/blog/prometheus-cardinality-issues" hreflang="x-default"><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="preconnect" href="https://SUATUVZDDM-dsn.algolia.net" crossorigin="anonymous"><link rel="stylesheet" href="/assets/css/styles.47738ace.css">
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<div><a href="#" class="skipToContent_OuoZ">Skip to main content</a></div><nav class="navbar navbar--fixed-top"><div class="navbar__inner"><div class="navbar__items"><button aria-label="Navigation bar toggle" class="navbar__toggle clean-btn" type="button" tabindex="0"><svg width="30" height="30" viewBox="0 0 30 30" aria-hidden="true"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-width="2" d="M4 7h22M4 15h22M4 23h22"></path></svg></button><a class="navbar__brand" href="/"><b class="navbar__title">foomo</b></a><a class="navbar__item navbar__link" href="/docs/general/intro">General</a><a class="navbar__item navbar__link" href="/docs/frontend/intro">Frontend</a><a class="navbar__item navbar__link" href="/docs/backend/intro">Backend</a><a class="navbar__item navbar__link" href="/docs/devops/intro">DevOps</a><a class="navbar__item navbar__link" href="/docs/project-management/intro">PM</a><a class="navbar__item navbar__link" href="/docs/projects/intro">Projects</a></div><div class="navbar__items navbar__items--right"><a aria-current="page" class="navbar__item navbar__link navbar__link--active" href="/blog">Blog</a><div class="searchBox_Utm0"><button type="button" class="DocSearch DocSearch-Button" aria-label="Search"><span class="DocSearch-Button-Container"><svg width="20" height="20" class="DocSearch-Search-Icon" viewBox="0 0 20 20"><path d="M14.386 14.386l4.0877 4.0877-4.0877-4.0877c-2.9418 2.9419-7.7115 2.9419-10.6533 0-2.9419-2.9418-2.9419-7.7115 0-10.6533 2.9418-2.9419 7.7115-2.9419 10.6533 0 2.9419 2.9418 2.9419 7.7115 0 10.6533z" stroke="currentColor" fill="none" fill-rule="evenodd" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"></path></svg><span class="DocSearch-Button-Placeholder">Search</span></span><span class="DocSearch-Button-Keys"></span></button></div></div></div><div role="presentation" class="navbar-sidebar__backdrop"></div></nav><div class="main-wrapper blog-wrapper blog-post-page"><div class="container margin-vert--lg"><div class="row"><aside class="col col--3"><nav class="sidebar_q+wC thin-scrollbar" aria-label="Blog recent posts navigation"><div class="sidebarItemTitle_9G5K margin-bottom--md">Recent posts</div><ul class="sidebarItemList_6T4b"><li class="sidebarItem_cjdF"><a class="sidebarItemLink_zyXk" href="/blog/why-bundle-size-is-important">Why bundle size is important?</a></li><li class="sidebarItem_cjdF"><a aria-current="page" class="sidebarItemLink_zyXk sidebarItemLinkActive_wcJs" href="/blog/prometheus-cardinality-issues">Prometheus Is Out Of Memory. Again.</a></li><li class="sidebarItem_cjdF"><a class="sidebarItemLink_zyXk" href="/blog/searching-for-search-engines">The never ending search a search engine 2022-01 edition</a></li><li class="sidebarItem_cjdF"><a class="sidebarItemLink_zyXk" href="/blog/impact-of-3rd-party-scripts-on-performance">Impact of 3rd party scripts on performance</a></li><li class="sidebarItem_cjdF"><a class="sidebarItemLink_zyXk" href="/blog/debugging-go-map-races-in-k8s">debugging Go map races in k8s</a></li></ul></nav></aside><main class="col col--7" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Blog"><article itemprop="blogPost" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/BlogPosting"><header><h1 class="blogPostTitle_d4p0" itemprop="headline">Prometheus Is Out Of Memory. Again.</h1><div class="blogPostData_-Im+ margin-vert--md"><time datetime="2022-01-25T00:00:00.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">January 25, 2022</time></div><div class="row margin-top--md margin-bottom--sm"><div class="col col--6 authorCol_8c0z"><div class="avatar margin-bottom--sm"><a href="https://github.com/smartinov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="avatar__photo-link avatar__photo"><img class="image_9q7L" src="https://github.com/smartinov.png" alt="Stefan Martinov"></a><div class="avatar__intro" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="avatar__name"><a href="https://github.com/smartinov" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" itemprop="url"><span itemprop="name">Stefan Martinov</span></a></div><small class="avatar__subtitle" itemprop="description">Memelord</small></div></div></div></div></header><div class="markdown" itemprop="articleBody"><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="the-annoyance">The Annoyance<a class="hash-link" href="#the-annoyance" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><p>So, we&#x27;ve all been there. You go to your trusty grafana, search for some sweet metrics that you implemented and WHAM!
Prometheus returns us a 503, a trusty way of saying I&#x27;m not ready, and I&#x27;m probably going to die soon.
And since we&#x27;re running in kubernetes I&#x27;m going to die soon, again and again.
And you&#x27;re getting reports from your colleagues that prometheus is not responding.
And you can&#x27;t ignore them anymore.</p><p><img alt="Bummer." src="/assets/images/bummer-e80d471cba23d1ee83e8463187845893.webp"></p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="the-problem">The Problem<a class="hash-link" href="#the-problem" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><p>All right, lets check what&#x27;s happening to the little guy.</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_J+bg language-bash theme-code-block"><div class="codeBlockContent_csEI bash"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_rtdJ thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_1zSZ"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">kubectl get pods -n monitoring</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain" style="display:inline-block"></span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">prometheus-prometheus-kube-prometheus-prometheus-0 </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">1</span><span class="token plain">/2 Running </span><span class="token number" style="color:rgb(247, 140, 108)">4</span><span class="token plain"> 5m</span><br></span></code></pre><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_M3SB clean-btn">Copy</button></div></div><p>It seems like it&#x27;s stuck in the running state, where the container is not yet ready.
Let&#x27;s describe the deployment, to check out what&#x27;s happening.</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_J+bg language-yaml theme-code-block"><div class="codeBlockContent_csEI yaml"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-yaml codeBlock_rtdJ thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_1zSZ"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token key atrule">State</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain"> Running │</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token key atrule">Started</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain"> Wed</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> 12 Jan 2022 15</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain">12</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain">49 +0100 │</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token key atrule">Last State</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain"> Terminated │</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token key atrule">Reason</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain"> OOMKilled │</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token key atrule">Exit Code</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain"> 137 │</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token key atrule">Started</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain"> Tue</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> 11 Jan 2022 17</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain">14</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain">41 +0100 │</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain"> </span><span class="token key atrule">Finished</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain"> Wed</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">,</span><span class="token plain"> 12 Jan 2022 15</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain">12</span><span class="token punctuation" style="color:rgb(199, 146, 234)">:</span><span class="token plain">47 +0100 │</span><br></span></code></pre><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_M3SB clean-btn">Copy</button></div></div><p>So we see that the prometheus is in a running state waiting for the readiness probe to trigger, probably working on recovering from Write Ahead Log (WAL).
This could be an issue where prometheus is recovering from an error, or a restart and does not have enough memory to write everything in the WAL.
We could be running into an issue where we set the request/limits memory lower than the prometheus requires, and the kube scheduler keeps killing prometheus for wanting more memory.</p><p>For this case, we could give it more memory to work to see if it recovers. We should also analyze why the prometheus WAL is getting clogged up.</p><p>In essence, we want to check what has changed so that we suddenly have a high memory spike in our sweet, sweet environment.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="the-source">The Source<a class="hash-link" href="#the-source" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><p><img alt="Cardinality" src="/assets/images/cardinality-5f722655c50c25a6a91c53884ad19677.webp"></p><p>A lot of prometheus issues revolve around cardinality.
Memory spikes that break your deployment? Cardinality.
Prometheus dragging its feet like it&#x27;s Monday after the log4j (the second one ofc) zero day security breach? Cardinality.
Not getting that raise since you worked hard the past 16 years without wavering? You bet your ass it&#x27;s cardinality.
So, as you can see much of life&#x27;s problems can be accredited to cardinality.</p><p>In short cardinality of your metrics is the combination of all label values per metric.
For example, if our metric <code>http_request_total</code> had a label response code, and let&#x27;s say we support 8 status codes, our cardinality starts off at 8.
For good measure we want to record the HTTP verb for the request. We support <code>GET POST PUT HEAD</code> which would put the cardinality to 4<!-- -->*<!-- -->8=<strong>32</strong>.
Now, if someone adds a URL to the metric label (<strong>!!VERY BAD IDEA!!</strong>, but bare with me now) and we have 2 active pages, we&#x27;d have a cardinality of 2<!-- -->*<!-- -->4<!-- -->*<!-- -->8=<strong>64</strong>.
But, imagine someone starts scraping your website for potential vulnerabilities. Imagine all the URLs that will appear, most likely only once.</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_J+bg language-text theme-code-block"><div class="codeBlockContent_csEI text"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_rtdJ thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_1zSZ"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">mywebsite.com/admin.php</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">mywebsite.com/wp/admin.php</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">mywebsite.com/?utm_source=GUID</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">...</span><br></span></code></pre><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_M3SB clean-btn">Copy</button></div></div><p>This would blow up our cardinality to kingdom come. Like you will be out of memory faster than &quot;<a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/ProgrammerHumor/comments/a483yz/those_javascript_devs/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">a new super awesome Javascript gamechanger framework</a>&quot; is born.
Or to quote user <a href="https://www.reddit.com/user/naveen17797/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">naveen17797</a> <em>Scientists predict the number of js frameworks may exceed human population by 2020,at that point of time random string generators will be used to name those frameworks.</em></p><p>The point to this story is, be very mindful of how you use labels and cardinality in prometheus, since that will indeed have great impact on your prometheus performance.</p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="the-solution">The Solution<a class="hash-link" href="#the-solution" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><p>Since this has never happened to me (never-ever) I found the following solution to be handy.
Since we can&#x27;t get prometheus up and running to utilize PromQL to detect the potential issues, we have to find another way to detect high cardinality.
Therefore, we might want to get our hands dirty with some <code>kubectl exec -it -n monitoring pods/prometheus-prometheus-kube-prometheus-prometheus-0 -- sh</code>, and run the prometheus <code>tsdb</code> analysis too.</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_J+bg language-bash theme-code-block"><div class="codeBlockContent_csEI bash"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-bash codeBlock_rtdJ thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_1zSZ"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">/prometheus $ promtool tsdb analyze </span><span class="token builtin class-name" style="color:rgb(255, 203, 107)">.</span><br></span></code></pre><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_M3SB clean-btn">Copy</button></div></div><p>Which produced the result.</p><div class="codeBlockContainer_J+bg language-text theme-code-block"><div class="codeBlockContent_csEI text"><pre tabindex="0" class="prism-code language-text codeBlock_rtdJ thin-scrollbar" style="color:#bfc7d5;background-color:#292d3e"><code class="codeBlockLines_1zSZ"><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt; Block ID: 01FT8E8YY4THHZ2S7C3G04GJMG</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt; Duration: 1h59m59.997s</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt; Series: 564171</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt; Label names: 285</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt; Postings (unique label pairs): 21139</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt; Postings entries (total label pairs): 6423664</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt; ...</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt;</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt; Highest cardinality metric names:</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt; 11340 haproxy_server_http_responses_total</span><br></span><span class="token-line" style="color:#bfc7d5"><span class="token plain">&gt; ...</span><br></span></code></pre><button type="button" aria-label="Copy code to clipboard" class="copyButton_M3SB clean-btn">Copy</button></div></div><p>We see the potential issue here, where the <code>haproxy_server_http_responses_total</code> metric is having a super-high cardinality which is growing.
We need to deal with it, so that our prometheus instance can breathe again. In this particular case, the solution was updating the haproxy.</p><p>... or burn it, up to you.</p><p><img alt="Flame Thrower" src="/assets/images/flame-thrower-56bcf89132356ff53c03ca029d9d0746.webp"></p><h2 class="anchor anchorWithStickyNavbar_y2LR" id="the-further-reading">The Further Reading<a class="hash-link" href="#the-further-reading" title="Direct link to heading">​</a></h2><ol><li><a href="https://github.com/prometheus/prometheus/blob/main/tsdb/docs/format/wal.md" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WAL Definition</a></li><li><a href="https://ganeshvernekar.com/blog/prometheus-tsdb-wal-and-checkpoint/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">WAL &amp; Checkpoints</a></li><li><a href="https://www.robustperception.io/using-tsdb-analyze-to-investigate-churn-and-cardinality" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Using TSDB</a></li><li><a href="https://www.robustperception.io/which-are-my-biggest-metrics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Biggest Metrics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.robustperception.io/cardinality-is-key" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cardinality</a></li></ol></div><footer class="row docusaurus-mt-lg blogPostDetailsFull_xD8n"><div class="col"><b>Tags:</b><ul class="tags_NBRY padding--none margin-left--sm"><li class="tag_F03v"><a class="tag_WK-t tagRegular_LXbV" href="/blog/tags/prometheus">prometheus</a></li><li class="tag_F03v"><a class="tag_WK-t tagRegular_LXbV" href="/blog/tags/cardinality">cardinality</a></li><li class="tag_F03v"><a class="tag_WK-t tagRegular_LXbV" href="/blog/tags/devops">devops</a></li><li class="tag_F03v"><a class="tag_WK-t tagRegular_LXbV" href="/blog/tags/ops">ops</a></li><li class="tag_F03v"><a class="tag_WK-t tagRegular_LXbV" href="/blog/tags/k-8-s">k8s</a></li><li class="tag_F03v"><a class="tag_WK-t tagRegular_LXbV" href="/blog/tags/oom">oom</a></li><li class="tag_F03v"><a class="tag_WK-t tagRegular_LXbV" href="/blog/tags/memory">memory</a></li></ul></div><div class="col margin-top--sm"><a href="https://github.com/foomo/foomo-docs/tree/main/foomo/blog/2022-01-25-prometheus-cardinality-issues/index.mdx" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="theme-edit-this-page"><svg fill="currentColor" height="20" width="20" viewBox="0 0 40 40" class="iconEdit_mS5F" aria-hidden="true"><g><path d="m34.5 11.7l-3 3.1-6.3-6.3 3.1-3q0.5-0.5 1.2-0.5t1.1 0.5l3.9 3.9q0.5 0.4 0.5 1.1t-0.5 1.2z m-29.5 17.1l18.4-18.5 6.3 6.3-18.4 18.4h-6.3v-6.2z"></path></g></svg>Edit this page</a></div></footer></article><nav class="pagination-nav docusaurus-mt-lg" aria-label="Blog post page navigation"><div class="pagination-nav__item"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/blog/why-bundle-size-is-important"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Newer Post</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">« <!-- -->Why bundle size is important?</div></a></div><div class="pagination-nav__item pagination-nav__item--next"><a class="pagination-nav__link" href="/blog/searching-for-search-engines"><div class="pagination-nav__sublabel">Older Post</div><div class="pagination-nav__label">The never ending search a search engine 2022-01 edition<!-- --> »</div></a></div></nav></main><div class="col col--2"><div class="tableOfContents_vrFS thin-scrollbar"><ul class="table-of-contents table-of-contents__left-border"><li><a href="#the-annoyance" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">The Annoyance</a></li><li><a href="#the-problem" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">The Problem</a></li><li><a href="#the-source" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">The Source</a></li><li><a href="#the-solution" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">The Solution</a></li><li><a href="#the-further-reading" class="table-of-contents__link toc-highlight">The Further Reading</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div><footer class="footer"><div class="container container-fluid"><div class="row footer__links"><div class="col footer__col"><div class="footer__title">legal</div><ul class="footer__items"><li class="footer__item"><a class="footer__link-item" href="/etc/imprint">Imprint</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footer__bottom text--center"><div class="footer__copyright">© 2022 bestbytes</div></div></div></footer></div>
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