diff --git a/src/wp-includes/user.php b/src/wp-includes/user.php
index a83e57e099..22c2c1ea1d 100644
--- a/src/wp-includes/user.php
+++ b/src/wp-includes/user.php
@@ -2440,7 +2440,7 @@ function wp_get_users_with_no_role() {
 	}
 
 	$prefix = $wpdb->get_blog_prefix();
-	$regex  = implode( '|', wp_roles()->get_names() );
+	$regex  = implode( '|', array_keys( wp_roles()->get_names() ) );
 	$regex  = preg_replace( '/[^a-zA-Z_\|-]/', '', $regex );
 	$users  = $wpdb->get_col( $wpdb->prepare( "
 		SELECT user_id
diff --git a/tests/phpunit/tests/user/wpGetUsersWithNoRole.php b/tests/phpunit/tests/user/wpGetUsersWithNoRole.php
index 6eb68234b5..cd7b118676 100644
--- a/tests/phpunit/tests/user/wpGetUsersWithNoRole.php
+++ b/tests/phpunit/tests/user/wpGetUsersWithNoRole.php
@@ -81,4 +81,25 @@ class Tests_User_GetUsersWithNoRole extends WP_UnitTestCase {
 
 	}
 
+	/**
+	 * Role comparison must be done on role name, not role display name.
+	 *
+	 * @ticket 38234
+	 */
+	public function test_get_users_with_no_role_matches_on_role_name() {
+		// Create a role with a display name which would not match the role name
+		// in a case-insentive SQL query.
+		wp_roles()->add_role( 'somerole', 'Some role display name' );
+
+		$someuser = self::factory()->user->create( array(
+			'role' => 'somerole',
+		) );
+
+		$users = wp_get_users_with_no_role();
+
+		wp_roles()->remove_role( 'somerole' );
+
+		$this->assertEmpty( $users );
+	}
+
 }